Freelance editors and proofreaders: have you ever felt as though you’re ‘muddling through’ in your professional life? You’re not alone.

The current situation has forced many of us to adjust our plans on a daily (hourly?) basis. But even without a pandemic, freelancers have to adapt to changing circumstances and come up with new plans and different ways of working. I’ve called this ‘muddling through’, but you could also call it flexibility, resourcefulness and ingenuity.
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Here are seven areas where this flexibility and resourcefulness will come in handy. It’s not intended to be a list of things to worry about! Instead, it’s a recognition of the creativity and pragmatism that many successful freelancers display. 

Most of us start out with some idea of the work we’d like to do, or for which we’d be most suited. With my NHS background, I thought I’d be the ideal person to work on health- or HR-related material. However, my first publisher client specialised in non-fiction books for the general reader, so that was that – at least initially.
 
You might have to review your initial business idea in the light of various factors:

• Is that type of work available?
• Can clients in that field find you?
• Is other work available that you find you enjoy just as much (and, importantly, that pays the bills just as effectively)?

 
If you’re determined to stick to your original vision, that’s fine. But it’s worth keeping an open mind about the direction you’re going to take.

​Ask a group of freelance editors or proofreaders how they find work and you’ll end up with a list as long as your arm.
 
Some take the direct approach, contacting potential clients with speculative enquiries. Others rely on word of mouth from professional or personal contacts, or repeat business from returning clients. Most find they need to be visible, whether that’s on their own website, through a directory or bidding site, or on social media. Networking can be successful for some. And then there’s the element of luck – the chance encounter with a potential client in an unexpected place (on a train, in the school playground, at a Zoom book club), or simply the ‘you happen to be just what we’re looking for at this moment in time’ scenario.
 
It’s important to plan for finding work and clients so you can focus your efforts to best effect. But it also pays to be alert, flexible and ready to respond to new opportunities. To quote Louis Pasteur: ‘Chance favours the prepared mind.’

​​Are you a morning person? Or do you do your best work while burning the midnight oil?
 
It’s great to be able to choose your working times – and to decide how long you’re going to spend at work – but sometimes you might need to adjust things. How do you cope if you need to put in extra hours? Can your working space accommodate changes (for example, if you share the facilities with other family members)? How do you cope physically with doing a ten-hour day instead of your usual five hours?
 
Again, flexibility is the key. You need to take breaks more frequently if you’re working longer hours. Are there some tasks that don’t require quite the same level of focus as others? If so, could you work on those when your concentration is waning (in the evening, perhaps)? Can you work somewhere else if need be?

Most of us would admit that we take technology and equipment for granted. We carry on with our work routines assuming that everything will run as it should. But if disaster strikes, emergency action might be required.
 
Saving your work in the cloud is sensible because it means you can access it from another device (if you have something suitable).
 
If your internet connection goes down, you might have to use your mobile data as a short-term solution. Pre-pandemic, you might have chosen to de-camp to your local coffee shop and use their wi-fi, and we’re all hoping that’ll be possible again before too long.
 
Home-based freelancers might even have kind neighbours who can help (a spare laptop cable here, some emergency printing there).
 
While it’s useful to have a back-up plan (an old laptop you could bring back into service if your main computer fails, for example), it’s impossible to prepare for every eventuality. Again, it’s a question of thinking creatively, recognising when and where to ask for help, and knowing at what point to discuss the situation with your client if you’re not going to meet the deadline.

A sudden illness, a chronic medical condition, a relative needing help, unexpected childcare demands, not to mention burst water pipes and power cuts … these problems aren’t exclusive to freelancers (nor do they only happen during a pandemic). But if you’re working to a deadline, with no one else who can step in to do your work, situations like these can make things very difficult.
 
Of course, some people choose freelancing precisely because it enables them to work around their personal circumstances, whether that’s their own health condition or their caring responsibilities for children, elderly relatives – or even pets. It’s when the unexpected happens that additional problems can arise.
 
Once again, some extra flexibility is the key. Could you take a break from work and make the time up once the situation is resolved? Perhaps you can temporarily rearrange your working hours? Is there anyone who can help with childcare, even if it’s on a video call with your child while you work for a while?
 
Freelancers often worry about telling their clients about emergencies like this, feeling that it might make them seem unprofessional. I’ve found that clients are usually very understanding about such situations, especially if you can suggest a solution (an alternative deadline, for example). And most clients would rather know you’re struggling, even if you end up not needing extra time to finish the work. After all, they’re human too!

It’s great when you’ve managed to secure plenty of regular, enjoyable work from a client who pays well and is nice to deal with. It’s not so great if that client suddenly disappears for some reason (bankruptcy, merger or takeover, taking the work in-house, etc.) and you’re left with a gaping hole in your work schedule. This is something that’s happened to me on a couple of occasions, and it can certainly feel like the rug has been pulled out from under your feet.
 
Clearly, you need to respond, but how you respond will depend on your circumstances. Here are a few ideas:

• Contact other clients (past and present) to let them know you have unexpected availability
• Ramp up your online activity to increase your visibility (this may or may not involve saying that you’re looking for work…)
• Ensure your website is up to date and that it appeals to the clients you want to attract
• Prepare a good speculative email or letter and start sending it to prospective clients you’ve identified
• Use any downtime to focus on your business, including writing and publishing blog posts, getting your accounts in order and updating your skills
• Consider marketing the skills you’ve gained while working with the lost client, particularly if these are in a niche area

Being prepared in advance – for example, by maintaining a robust online presence and an up-to-date CV – will help you to step into action in an emergency. And the old adage ‘Don’t put all your eggs in one basket’ is relevant here: relying too heavily on one client is never a good idea.

​So there we have it – a quick look at how a flexible, responsive approach will help in running your business. Yes, freelancing might sometimes feel like ‘muddling through’, but perhaps we should instead see it as being creative and developing resilience. That sounds much more impressive!

Don't panic! How to stay calm in a crisis - CIEP blog – by Melanie Thomson
Seven things freelancers know about time – by Liz Jones
 How freelance editing prepared me for working through the pandemic – and how it didn’t – by Liz Jones
 2020: Lessons from the Longest Year – by Crystal Shelley
Buck the trend: strengthening your business during lockdown – by Rachel Gristwood
How to be lucky – by Christian Busch

Many of us have been terribly disappointed over recent months when the inevitable has happened – an in-person event (whether that’s a summer fête, rock concert, conference or networking session) has been cancelled because of the pandemic. The upside is that many events have gone virtual, enabling people to attend events that they wouldn’t otherwise have access to.

And so it was that I signed up for the SENSE 2020 Conference. SENSE is the Society of English-language professionals in the Netherlands, and this year’s event marks the organisation’s 30th anniversary. The plan had been to hold the conference in Maastricht. If that had gone ahead, it’s unlikely that I’d have been able to attend in person. However, when it moved online, taking place over three afternoons in June, I decided to book a place.
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As it happened, the conference coincided with a confluence of deadlines in my work, something I’d have taken steps to avoid if I had been travelling to Maastricht for a few days away from my desk. As a consequence, I decided to concentrate on those sessions that seemed most relevant to my work as an editor. In this article I describe just six of those sessions, in an attempt to give a flavour of the conference and to illustrate its relevance to all language professionals.

There are full details of the programme on the SENSE website. I’ve chosen to write up a summary and my impressions of the following sessions:

• Be(a)ware of (round) brackets (especially ‘Dutch’ ones)! Joy Burrough-Boenisch
• ‘I just moved on’ – Museum translations Tony Parr
• How much time does quality require? Brian Mossop
• Using your network to branch out into new areas Sally Hill
• From whining to shining Tiina Kinnunen
• Editing in the era of digital nomadism: How I look after my mental and physical health Marieke Krijnen​

And at the end of this article I summarise some of the main points I took away from the conference.

Who knew there was so much to learn about brackets (parentheses), especially when it comes to how they are used in languages other than English? Joy started by showing us what various reference sources say about bracket use in English, highlighting some of the similarities and differences between these sources. She extended this to look at the use of brackets in Dutch. One major difference here is the widespread use of brackets in Dutch to indicate ‘or’, as in ‘stagiair(e)’, meaning ‘male or female’. This is similar to the English use of brackets in, for example, ‘name(s)’. Another example she gave was a sign on Dutch trains that referred to ‘(folding) bicycle’, which means bicycle or folding bicycle.
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Joy showed many more examples from both Dutch and English, including ones that demonstrate the creative use of brackets to make a point such as ‘Plan(et) B’ and ‘un(der)paid workers’.

Clearly, if you’re translating from Dutch, or editing English written by a Dutch native speaker, you need to carefully consider what the author intended, rather than simply imposing the English rules on bracket use and potentially changing the meaning.

​I’d initially wondered how relevant this session would be to my work as an editor, but it turned out to be fascinating (and very relatable). I’m sure we’ve all encountered poorly translated text in museums and galleries. Tony described various specific issues that can make such translations not fit for purpose. The principles of plain language are often ignored, tenses are sometimes inappropriate and confusing, and the language used is frequently far too technical. In addition, there is often far too much text.

How a translation is presented can also interfere with its usefulness for the visitor. Tony showed examples of English text in minuscule type, or so low down on a panel that it was almost impossible to read from a standing position.

One fascinating aspect of this presentation was Tony’s own observations of how visitors reacted to English translations at different museums. His findings weren’t encouraging: at one museum he noted that of 50 non-Dutch-speaking visitors, only one had read the English translation provided – and even then, only some of it.

The key point that made this session so relevant – even for a non-translator like me – is that the reader (or visitor, in this case) needs to be at the centre of the experience. This sounds obvious, but Tony felt that some museum professionals hadn’t really taken this on board. For example, one museum had three ‘visitor profiles’ that were intended to guide its public-facing communications. All these profiles were Dutch speakers – yet the staff told Tony that 50% of the museum’s visitors do not speak Dutch.

Plain English, non-technical language and an appropriate amount (and visibility) of text should be at the heart of all written material – not just text in a museum!

This session tackled the thorny issue of quality, starting with the oft-quoted diagram showing time, price and quality (the point being that you can only ever have two out of three of these). Brian explored this ‘triangle’, first considering the effect that time can have on a project – both too little time (it’s obvious how this will affect quality) and too much time (when it might be difficult to maintain the same standards over the whole period). He also pointed out that quality can be difficult to quantify.

Brian's key piece of advice was to focus on which level of quality you are being asked to produce (for the corresponding price). The four levels Brian defined were intelligible, informative, publishable and polished. If a client is paying (and allowing enough time) only to make a text intelligible, an editor or translator needs to avoid devoting too much time and effort to trying to produce a polished end-product. That’s easier said than done, of course.
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Keeping this in mind can help to make sure that quality, price and time are better aligned.

The main thrust of Sally’s session was that freelancers shouldn’t simply focus their marketing efforts on potential clients. Instead, they should devote time and effort to building networks among their fellow professionals. This really resonates with me, and it’s something I’ve found important throughout my freelance career.

Sally looked at the different ways you can ‘find your tribe’ as a freelancer. Joining professional networks is one option – or why not start your own?

Volunteering can be another way to build relationships with colleagues and to develop new skills. I’ve had past experience of this as a director of the Society for Editors and Proofreaders (now the Chartered Institute of Editing and Proofreading) and as the founder of an SfEP/CIEP local group.
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Underlying all such activities is the idea of ‘trust transfer’. If you get to know others within your network, it’s more likely that they’ll come to trust your skills and expertise. This can lead to work opportunities, whether through direct referrals or word of mouth, and even to joint projects in which freelancers with complementary skills can provide a complete service. You can also pass on work to trusted colleagues if you aren’t able to take it on yourself.

There’s a popular image of the freelancer as working long hours (often in pyjamas) and being poorly paid for the privilege. Tiina’s presentation was intended to help freelancers escape from such scenarios and position themselves as expert professionals in their chosen field.

There were two main strands to Tiina’s advice: productivity and brand image. On productivity, Tiina advised freelancers to take a long hard look at the work (and specifically the rates) they are taking on and to make informed decisions about future jobs. Many translators work on per-word rates, but a high per-word rate doesn’t always result in an attractive hourly rate. And remember – you don’t have to accept every job.

Productivity also encompasses the services you provide. You need to be clear with clients about the level of work you are offering on a particular job – beware of offering perfection if the client can only pay for (and may only be expecting) text that is fit for purpose. Different types of clients can also have an impact on productivity: ‘difficult’ clients can be very time-consuming!

In terms of your image, it can often help to find a niche or specialism so that you can become (and be seen as) an expert in that particular field. When it comes to providing services for your clients, you need to present yourself as part of the solution for their issue, not part of the problem. Becoming the ‘go to’ expert for your clients is the ultimate goal.
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Tiina also stressed the importance of finding trusted colleagues with whom you can share best practice and collaborate on projects, something that can ultimately lead to new clients and more business.

Since it’s very difficult to be a digital nomad during a pandemic, Marieke had adapted her presentation to cover looking after your mental and physical health in the current situation. Ironically, it turns out that quite a lot of her advice is appropriate for both scenarios – albeit that they seem to be at opposite ends of the spectrum (at least in terms of ability to travel).

For example, when it comes to exercise, digital nomads don’t usually have the option of joining a gym or a regular class, or of participating in a team sport, and these are all things we haven’t been able to do during the coronavirus crisis. Going for a walk or a run is an ideal way of exercising individually. Using hashtags such as #stetwalk and #stetrun can add an element of fun, and there are even virtual groups (e.g. the CIEP Run On Group on Facebook) to provide motivation. Office equipment such as a treadmill desk might be another solution.

The office set-up is also important from an ergonomics point of view. Good posture is key: adjusting screen height and having the appropriate chair and other accessories can make a big difference. Marieke has found that varying her sitting position and location can help. Working in a café or co-working space hasn’t been possible recently, but she suggests spending some time at a desk, some in an armchair and some in a park or garden.

Good work–life balance is essential. Marieke’s tips included blocking emails outside working hours, using apps to restrict access to social media, taking weekends off, finding different places to work, and pursuing a hobby that gets you out of the house.

Marieke is a great believer in making connections, and these can be vital in maintaining good mental health. At the moment such connections are likely to be virtual ones. Marieke mentioned digital support communities such as Twitter and the Editors’ Association of Earth Facebook group, as well as professional associations (which often provide forums and opportunities to ‘meet’ digitally). Conferences (like the SENSE one) can also be a chance to build a network, as can co-working spaces and face-to-face meet-ups – when these become available once again.
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What I particularly admired about Marieke’s session was her honesty. Although she offered lots of excellent advice, she admitted that she herself didn’t always get it right and had sometimes felt overwhelmed and stressed. Simple things like taking a shower or going outside can really help. It’s vital to give yourself a break!

​In conclusion, I really enjoyed ‘attending’ the conference. It was lovely to see some familiar faces and some new (to me) language professionals based in different countries. I picked up some common themes running through the above sessions, and these are useful pieces of advice for any editor, proofreader or translator:

1. Put the reader at the centre of the text.
2. Keep in mind the time/price/quality triangle when approaching your work and thinking about your productivity.
3. Position yourself as a ‘go to’ person, both within and outside your profession.
4. Network, network, network! Forging connections with your colleagues has both professional and personal benefits.

I certainly hope to be able to attend the SENSE conference again in future, be it virtually or physically.

As an editor, I spend my time making sure material is correct, consistent and clear for the intended audience.

When I work with academic authors, it’s assumed that most readers will be those with an interest in – and background knowledge of – their specific academic field.

Similarly, the reports I edit for an EU agency are aimed at readers who already have a certain level of knowledge about the subject, whether that’s vocational training systems, factors affecting the labour market, or updates on the situation in a particular country.

But what about communicating research to others? How can those with specialist knowledge convey information to others outside their sphere? And, in fact, why should they do this?
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Although I rarely need to consider these questions in my day-to-day editing, I’m very interested in this issue. It’s something that researchers and others are having to be more conscious of – and that’s no bad thing.

Research Retold is a Leeds-based company that helps researchers to communicate their findings in accessible (often visual) ways. I recently went along to one of the company’s events, which brought together researchers and those who work with them.

​One technique for focusing the mind on the key aspects of a piece of research is to try to sum it up in 60 seconds – an elevator pitch, if you like.
The description should answer the following questions:

1. What problem did you address?
2. How have you investigated it?
3. Why should people care?

We tried this out in pairs during the event: each researcher explained their research to a non-researcher. This exercise proved to be quite challenging, but it was valuable. Of course, one key difference between this exercise and many forms of communication is that we non-researchers were able to ask questions and clarify anything that wasn’t clear. Often, the intended audience doesn’t have that opportunity, so it’s even more important to communicate clearly.

The starting point in communicating research is the intended audience:

• Who are they?
• Why do you want or need to communicate with them?
• Why should they care about your research?

The next aspect is the method of communication. Mihaela Gruia showed us some real-life examples of types of publication that are suitable for different audiences.

• For policymakers, the information needs to be clear and concise, but with sufficient detail to convey the key points. Here, policy briefs and visual summaries can be appropriate.

For me, this event was a valuable opportunity to discuss research communications with real-life researchers. In turn, the researchers seemed to appreciate the chance to think about why, how and with whom they should share their findings.
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It was good to step back from the words on the page and consider the wider aspects of communicating research. Thank you, Research Retold, for providing a forum for us all to do this!*

Three years ago I was inspired to write my very first blog post after a trip to Tarragona in Spain. I’d attended the annual gathering of the Mediterranean Editors and Translators (MET) – the so-called MET Meeting (METM, pronounced ‘met-um’) – and this made me think about how international my work had become since I started freelancing.

This year, I decided it was time for a return visit. METM19 was in Split, Croatia, and I decided to combine the event with my annual holiday.

I spent a lovely few days acclimatising myself to Split and enjoying the wonderful weather. It’s a fascinating place with a beautiful seafront and plenty of historical interest (especially Diocletian’s Palace, which was built for the Roman emperor Diocletian in the fourth century AD and is now a maze of narrow streets full of homes, shops and restaurants).

​When it came to METM itself, my first activity was one of the ‘Off-METM’ lunches. These are small groups focused loosely on a theme (ours was ‘Feedback is a two-way street’), aimed at helping delegates to get to know one another before the conference itself. There were also various optional workshops that delegates could pre-book.

After lunch, we headed to the School of Medicine at the University of Split for the start of the official proceedings. To give you a flavour of the conference itself, I’ve briefly summarised the various sessions and presentations that I attended. Because MET is an organisation for both editors and translators, the programme featured some sessions that were relevant to one or other of these different professions, and some that were relevant to everyone.​

Content marketing is a hot topic for editors and proofreaders, and one that has featured on the programme at previous Society for Editors and Proofreaders (SfEP) conferences that I’ve attended. Translator Maeva Cifuentes explained the concept and illustrated the benefits using the results of the content marketing activities she has undertaken for a client. She stressed the need to take a strategic approach and to evaluate results regularly.

As well as a review of MET’s activities over the year, the General Assembly included an announcement of the venue for MET20: San Sebastián in the Basque Country. If the applause and the exclamations of delight were anything to go by, this was a very popular choice.

The chair invited questions and comments from the floor. One of these prompted a lively discussion on the need to consider the environmental impact of future events, including everything from travelling to METM to using plastic cups and conference swag bags. Plenty of food for thought.
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And speaking of food, the General Assembly was followed by a buffet lunch, at which we once again enjoyed soparnik (among other tasty dishes).

David Barick used real examples to highlight problems with different types of comparison – both between variables in the results of a single academic study and between the author’s findings and those in the literature (where the tense used will be particularly important in drawing a distinction between current and previous research). 

​In this comprehensive overview of what should be included in a quotation for a client, Jenny Zonneveld gave a detailed run-down of all the tasks involved at every stage of the process. She outlined the various factors to consider when preparing a quote, including the thorny issue of whether a fee per word, per hour or per project is appropriate.

Spanish clinician Jaume Canet has published many papers over several decades, and editor and translator Mary Ellen Kearns has provided editorial support for him throughout that time. In this presentation, Mary Ellen described the various stages of Jaume’s career, highlighting his prolific publication record and the types of support and input required over the years. 

The closing keynote of METM19 was given by linguist Lynne Murphy, author of The Prodigal Tongue. The book’s subtitle is ‘The love–hate relationship between British and American English’, and Lynne described some of the differences in the language on the two sides of the Atlantic. Relating these to the METM19 theme (‘Making it count: communicating with clarity and concision’), and specifically the concision aspect, she explained the process of ‘densification’, in which language becomes more informationally dense over time. I’d heard Lynne speak before (at the SfEP conference and at Leeds Literature Festival), so I was expecting this to be an interesting and entertaining session. I wasn’t disappointed! (I hope Lynne will permit that last piece of punctuation: she allows her students one exclamation mark per year, and advises them to use it wisely…)

​And with that, all that remained was for delegates to make their way to the closing dinner and afterparty. The four-course meal was served at a pace that could best be described as ‘leisurely’ (we were still waiting for dessert at 12.30am). I’m not sure whether this was a Croatian tradition, or whether catering for such a large group had proved challenging for the restaurant. Nevertheless, the food was tasty and I enjoyed the conversations over dinner, with Lynne Murphy on one side and Rebecca Warden from International Correspondents in Education (one of my main clients) on the other. The METM choir also entertained us with a couple of numbers.

Although the disco was just getting going as dessert was being served, I’m afraid I was ready to make my way back to my apartment as 1am approached.

I very much enjoyed my second METM and I hope it won’t be my last. The programme was interesting and varied, the people friendly and approachable, and the setting lovely. I met individuals from all over Europe and beyond, attended informative sessions given by presenters from a range of backgrounds, and came away with a renewed sense of the importance of language professionals in an increasingly globalised world.

Oh – and I sampled soparnik!

Do you love figures, calculations and graphs? Or would you rather avoid numbers if at all possible?
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If you’re an editor or proofreader who routinely works on mathematics or science material, you’ll be used to dealing with figures, percentages, tables and graphs. But even editors who work on other texts (academic, business, and even fiction) will sometimes need to handle numbers and data.

Perhaps you’re editing a survey report, a paper containing the results of a research study, or an organisation’s annual report. Even if the client isn’t expecting you to perform an in-depth analysis of their calculations and data presentation (and you feel it’s out of your area of expertise – or your comfort zone), there are some straightforward things you can look out for to help your author keep their data in line.
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Most of what follows is based on my own experience, so it isn’t intended to be an exhaustive list of issues. But I hope it will reassure you that checking figures and data presentation doesn’t necessarily require you to have a PhD in mathematics. Your basic editing and proofreading skills – together with a bit of logic and common sense – can often help you to spot when something’s amiss.
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This issue will be familiar to most editors and proofreaders. When writing a number, should it be ‘five’ or ‘5’, for example? What about ‘twenty’ or ‘20’? ‘Three hundred and forty-nine’ or ‘349’? This will often be covered in your client’s style guide. A common convention is for numbers below 10 to be written as words, and 10 and above to be written as figures. But this can vary, so it’s worth checking.
 
In some (though not all) conventions, numbers within the same sentence should be made consistent:
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• I bought 3 apples and 13 pears. YES 
• I bought three apples and 13 pears. NO

In formal writing, it’s preferable to avoid starting a sentence with a figure. This might simply mean using words instead:
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• Twenty people visited the museum. YES
• 20 people visited the museum. NO

 
Alternatively – and particularly if the number is a large one, or it isn’t a whole number – it’s better to reword the sentence.

• On average, 345.23 people visited the museum each day. YES
• 345.23 people on average visited the museum each day. NO

 
If you’re editing fiction, conventions might be slightly different. For example, numbers are often expressed in words when they appear in dialogue.
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There are various ways in which statistics can be unintentionally misreported in the text. As an example, let’s look at two statements.

• According to our research, 50% of dentists are women. YES
• According to our research, 50% of women are dentists. NO

 
It’s easy to see how the confusion arises: the sentences contain the same words – just in a slightly different order. In some cases – like this one – it’s obvious that one of these sentences is incorrect, purely on the basis of general knowledge. In other cases, such inaccuracies are more difficult to spot without checking elsewhere in the document.
 
Other things to look out for in the text include:
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• Making sure ‘greater than’ (>) and ‘less than’ (<) are the right way round (sometimes mix-ups occur when the author has rearranged the text);
• Making sure ‘significant’ and ‘not significant’ are correctly attributed (particularly relevant when statistical analysis is being reported). 

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In the same way that you’d proofread names, punctuation and capitalisation of words and phrases, you should be on the lookout for obvious errors and inconsistencies in numerical content. For example, when numbers are mentioned in more than one place (in a table, in the text, in the introduction, on a graph), are they consistent? Are the correct signs used (+, −)?
 
Similarly, in the same way that you’d use your own knowledge to spot errors when proofreading a general piece of text, you can sometimes see clearly that a mistake has been made. If an author claims that the population of London is 8,787 or 8.7 billion, you’ll probably realise that there’s something wrong. In a school report I was proofreading, I noticed that a student was congratulated on achieving 1.25 cm in the high jump, which conjured up an amusing – though misleading – image.
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​Remember when Michael Gove, the then UK Secretary of State for Education, stated that he wanted all schools to be performing above the national average? Think about it. If all schools are above the national average, that is no longer the average. As proofreaders and editors, we need to have some level of understanding of basic mathematical terminology – or at least, of words and concepts that are in everyday use – so that we can at least raise a query if something doesn’t look right.
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An awareness of what percentages mean can help you to spot errors and problems. Even if you’re not going to be checking an author’s calculations, it does help to know that 50% is half of something, 33% around a third, and so on. So if an author claims that 24 of the 47 people in a survey are men, and that this proportion is 25% (i.e. a quarter), it’s something you need to query.
 
As well as basic calculation mistakes, it’s worth being on the lookout for inaccurate descriptions of percentages. I’ve seen ‘majority’ used to mean ‘the largest proportion’. Here’s an example:

• 25% of people in the group are self-employed
• 35% of people are retired
• 40% of people are employed

This does not mean that ‘the majority of people are employed’ – ‘majority’ means ‘most’ (i.e. more than 50%), rather than simply the largest group.
 
Another thing to check is whether the percentages add up to 100. But beware – that might not always be appropriate. For example, if reporting on answers to a survey question where people could tick more than one option, the total could well be more than 100%. In this example, it’s clear that some people like both apples and bananas:

• 65% of people like apples
• 73% of people like bananas

​In cases like this, the percentages won’t necessarily add up to 100.
 
A more subtle issue when it comes to percentage is whether the author really does mean ‘per cent’ (%), or whether they mean ‘percentage points’.  As an example, if the unemployment rate in 2001 was 5% and the unemployment rate in 2011 was 10%, the correct way to describe this would be to say that the 2011 rate is 5 percentage points higher than the 2001 rate. The unemployment rate is definitely not 5% higher (in fact, it is 100% higher!).
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​Even if the client isn’t expecting you to check all the calculations – some of which might be pretty complicated – there’s no reason you shouldn’t check straightforward sums. Adding up a column of numbers in a table can sometimes reveal some surprising errors, or issues that at least need to be queried. It can be handy to use Excel to check figures: simply cut and paste your column(s) of numbers into a blank spreadsheet and use the SUM function (∑ from the ribbon on the Home or Formulas tab).
 
You can also use Excel to perform other straightforward calculations (%, −,  ×, ÷). Even if you don’t routinely use Excel, it’s worth familiarising yourself with the basic functions and with how to create a simple formula. Of course, you can always check figures using pen and paper or a calculator, but Excel can save you quite a bit of time (and – if used with care – can reduce the risk that you’ll make errors in your own calculations). 
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​If mathematics isn’t your thing, it’s possible that your eyes glaze over when you see any type of equation. But even if you’re not expected to proofread equations in the text, you can use your existing skills to spot obvious errors. For example, you might notice a term in the equation that’s different from those mentioned in the text. There might be a reason for this, but it could be a typo, so it’s worth a query to the author. Look out, too, for equations that the author has copied and pasted (to save retyping) with the intention of putting in different figures or other terms. Has the author remembered to update all the details?
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​I occasionally come across a table or chart in which the number ranges look something like this:

• 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, … and so on.

This is a problem because the ranges don’t have clear upper and lower limits: they overlap. For example, in which category would a value of ‘20’ be placed? Only the originator of the data would know the answer, so there’s usually very little that the editor or proofreader can do to correct this, other than query it. Ideally, ranges should look like this:

• 0–9, 10–19, … and so on.

Or like this:

• ​0–10, 11–20, etc.

And if the data includes values that are not whole numbers (e.g. 2.8, 19.99, etc.), the ranges will need to be more exact:

• 0–9.99, 10.00–19.99, etc. 

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​Again, consistency is the key here, as well as sticking to the style requirements.

a) Units

• Are these consistently abbreviated (km) or spelled out (kilometres)?
• If they’re abbreviated, are they closed up to the figure (5km)? If there’s a space, should this be a non-breaking space so that the figure and the unit do not become separated over a line break?
• How should percentages be expressed: 25%, 25 % (with a non-breaking space), 25 percent (tends to be US spelling) or 25 per cent (tends to be UK spelling)?

b) Decimal separators

In UK and US English, a full stop (full point) is usually used to separate whole numbers from decimals. The decimal point is usually on the baseline of the text, but sometimes a middle dot is used (e.g. 34·12). And in some countries a comma is used as a decimal separator. I’ve come across this most often in work by European authors, but the convention is also followed elsewhere.

c) Thousands separators

​Similarly, there are different conventions for separating groups of digits in larger numbers. In many cases a comma is used (10,000), but some styles call for a non-breaking space (10 000).
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Whole books have been written about the best way to present data in graphs, charts and diagrams, and the mistakes that can be made in data visualisation. Here, I’m just going to highlight some of the issues that I’ve come across when editing material containing such features.

a) A suitable style

Does the chart present the data clearly and unambiguously? For example, pie charts are often not a good way of presenting data, as this article explains. When checking a chart, graph or diagram, you need to ask whether it makes sense. Can you think of a clearer or better way of presenting the data?

b) Gimmicks

It’s tempting to use colours and special effects to make a chart, graph or diagram more eye-catching and ‘interesting’. However, that’s often not necessary (unless such effects are part of house style or branding). Bear in mind that colours, shapes and fancy shading can be distracting and confusing for the reader. In any case, such effects will often be stripped out at the next stage of the publication process.

c) Axes

As a rule, these should always start at zero. In this example, the chart on the right seems to be suggesting that The Times newspaper has twice as many sales as the Daily Telegraph, but that’s simply because the vertical axis starts at 420,000 rather than at zero. Results can easily be distorted if the chart isn’t showing the full picture.

d) When charts go wrong

Special mention must be made of this chart, which shows the average female height in various countries. It’s misleading in a couple of important ways:
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• The shapes chosen to represent the different heights are of different widths (in proportion to their heights). So the ‘Latvia’ shape is larger in all dimensions than the ‘India’ shape, completely distorting the picture.
• The vertical axis does not start at zero. Yes, the values represented are all above 5 feet, which is probably why the authors decided to present the data like this. But that has the effect of suggesting that women in Latvia are four times as tall as women in India.

You first need to consider whether the table is suitable for the type of document (e.g. an academic paper vs. a brochure aimed at the general public) and whether it presents the data clearly.
 
When it comes to checking the details within a table, the advice I’ve already mentioned is relevant. Use your proofreading skills to check whether figures are consistent with those mentioned in the text. Add up columns to check totals. Apply your common sense to make sure the data looks correct.
 
It’s also worth checking the following specific points:

a) Units

​Are the units clearly stated? For a table displaying only one type of data (e.g. percentages or monetary values), the units are sometimes included in the table caption:
Table 1: Owner-occupiers as a proportion of the population, 1950–2017 (%)
 
If the table shows different types of information, the units might be included with each value. So the columns will look something like this:

Consider whether the table would be less cluttered if the units were added to the column headers and deleted from the data itself, as in this example: 

b) Order of information

Check whether items are listed in a consistent way. For example, in the table above, the ‘countries’ are shown in alphabetical order. But the author could also have chosen to list them in ascending or descending order, by either the unemployment rate or the average income. Either of these alternatives would have been acceptable. However, if items are listed in apparently random or inconsistent order (e.g. in a series of tables), this might be confusing to the reader.
 
c) Row and column headings

Do these clearly explain the data in the table? If there’s more than one table with a similar layout, are the row and column headings presented in a consistent way?
 
d) Table layout

​I recently came across a table similar to this one (I’ve only included part of the table, although the rest of it was similarly misleading). The author had tried to present information about the sample population, but the table was laid out in such a way that it implied an association between different variables. For example, it appeared that all the male participants are in the three younger age groups, and that all the female participants are in the older age groups.

​The way this table is laid out suggests connections between the different categories that don’t (in this case) exist. And – to illustrate a point made earlier – you might have noticed that the figures in the ‘Age’ categories add up to 104, rather than 100 (the total for the ‘Gender’ categories).
 
Rather than presenting the information in this way, it would have been better to keep all the categories separate. This is the layout that I suggested to the author. 

​This version is not as concise as the original, but at least it doesn’t suggest relationships that aren’t (necessarily) there.

​I hope this article has reassured you that your usual proofreading skills, together with a bit of common sense, will help you to check numerical information in a document, even if you don’t consider yourself a ‘numbers’ person. Here’s a summary of my top tips for approaching this type of work.
 

• Consult the style guide (if any) to check what’s required.
• Consult Butcher’s Copy-editing and New Hart’s Rules, both of which have useful sections on science and mathematics.
• Use logic and common sense to judge when something’s not quite right.
• Use Excel to check straightforward calculations.
• If numbers (and the way they are presented) are repeated in different parts of the document, check them for consistency.
• Check for similar statements about numerical data in different parts of the document (in the abstract, executive summary and conclusion, for example) and make sure they’re consistent.
• Ask yourself whether charts and tables present the data in a clear way.
• Query with the author if anything looks amiss.

​I’ve previously written about why I love this festival – and my feelings certainly haven’t changed! This year the programme is as strong as ever, and it continues to tick all the boxes as far as my admiration is concerned. So I thought I’d present an updated version of my previous article, featuring highlights from this year’s fantastic festival offerings. 

​Bradford has had its fair share of bad publicity over the years, and it might not be the first place that springs to mind if you’re thinking of cultural events. But a few years ago, Bradford Literature Festival (BLF) burst onto the scene – and I love it! This year’s festival is fast approaching. Here’s why I’m looking forward to it. 

​For such a young festival, BLF attracts some notable speakers. This year there’s George the Poet, AC Grayling, Michael Rosen, John Barnes, Luke Goss and Jeanette Winterson (to name but a few). In previous years I’ve been to events featuring Jeanette Winterson (she must like it here!), Akala, Carol Ann Duffy and Jackie Kay. And a couple of years ago I happened to fall into conversation with none other than Germaine Greer as she consumed a refreshing shandy before a panel event. The hot topic she chose? The traffic diversions and snarl-ups she’d encountered on her way home from an event the previous night. Not quite what I was expecting.

​As an editor, I’ve loved being able to hear experts like linguist David Crystal and The Times columnist Oliver Kamm talking about language and usage. I’ve attended panel discussions on English as a global language, the author–editor relationship and how not to write bad sex. And at this year’s BLF there are sessions on cultural appropriation in writing, how to get published, crime writing and thrillers, how to make writing pay, and the power of podcasts. Professional development has rarely been this enjoyable.

I’m always impressed by the wide range of events at BLF. There’s classic literature and contemporary crime fiction, there’s poetry and rap, there’s magic and fairy tales, there’s feminism and religion, there’s music, comedy, film, politics, heritage tours, walks... And this year, there’s even an event devoted to tea! It’s a great opportunity to immerse yourself in something you love, or dip your toe into something new. Expect to laugh, cry, think, enjoy and relax, and to come away inspired, informed and challenged. What more could you ask for?

Bradford has a rich literary and cultural heritage, and that plays a part in BLF. Inevitably, perhaps, the Brontës are often featured – and this year is no exception – but there’s always a real desire to explore their work in new and interesting ways. Other local talents also come under the spotlight. Once again, the work of Bradford playwright Andrea Dunbar (Rita, Sue and Bob Too) is considered, while Poet Laureate Simon Armitage – who hails from nearby Marsden – will discuss his new translation of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. There’ll be discussions on topics that resonate in the city, including The Satanic Verses, Islamophobia and Bradford City AFC, and tours of Undercliffe Cemetery, the Jewish Quarter, Bradford Police Museum and Little Germany. It’s a great way to learn about the area’s history and find out more about some of the hot topics of the day.

Say ‘literature festival’ and many people think it isn’t for them. But I’m sure at least some would reconsider if they took a look at the programme and tried out an event or two. There’s a great variety of stuff that’s designed to appeal to all age groups and to reflect Bradford’s diverse communities. Most events take place in or around the city centre, and some are free. And as well as the usual discounts for students, senior citizens and disabled people, there are special tickets for refugees, asylum seekers and benefit recipients (the cost of a ticket is refunded on attendance, which means free entry!).

Bradford has a chequered history when it comes to education, and many of its schools still struggle with literacy and educational attainment. I think BLF can only be a good thing in this respect. The programme’s chock-full of stuff for children and young people. There are plenty of free activities, including two Baby Raves, for which I’m considering borrowing a baby. And the festival has a great schools programme, which includes author events, performances, writing workshops, and author visits to schools. Oh, to be young again…

​I think the fact that Bradford can put on a festival of such quality is a demonstration of what’s best about this vibrant city and its culture. During previous festivals I’ve spent time in the Festival Hub in City Park, and it’s a great place to hang out, grab a coffee and enjoy the buzz. I’ve been interested to see the inside of some of the city’s great buildings, such as City Hall and the Midland Hotel, and I can confirm that there’s more to Bradford than dark satanic mills and sink estates. And even if only a fraction of the city’s population comes to BLF events, many more – especially children and young people – will surely benefit from its effects.

So, there it is. Once again, I can’t wait for BLF and for the chance to learn something new, be challenged and entertained, and perhaps even find out about visiting celebrities’ travel headaches. Bring it on!

Facebook has many helpful features – some obvious, some less so. Here are six tips to help you to make the most of your Facebook experience, whether you’re using it mainly for personal or for business purposes.
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I’ve given instructions for Facebook on a PC and an Android phone, but you should be able to find the same features on a Mac or an iPhone. And do bear in mind that Facebook changes from time to time, so these features might appear in a different place in future – or even disappear altogether!

​If you want to receive notifications when something’s been added to a post, Facebook has a useful feature that’s worth knowing about. In the top right-hand corner of each post there’s a drop-down menu (click on the three dots to reveal it). Simply choose ‘Turn on notifications for this post’. And if you want to turn off notifications, you can do that from the drop-down menu too.

​Of course, you should automatically receive a notification if you’ve already contributed to the thread. But there’s no need to type ‘Following’ or ‘F’ in the comments just to make that happen. Far better to turn on notifications from the menu so that you’re not cluttering the thread. Your friends and colleagues will thank you for it.

We’ve all had the experience of seeing something on Facebook, thinking we’d go back later to read it, and then not being able to find it. The same drop-down menu you use to turn notifications on and off also has a ‘Save link’ option. Click on that and it’ll be saved for you, without you having to comment on the thread. 

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• On a PC, that should be in the ‘Explore’ list on the left-hand side of your personal newsfeed (your personal newsfeed is what you see when you click ‘Home’ at the top of the page). 

​You can even organise the links into ‘Collections’ (e.g. work, health, music), making them even easier to find.

Facebook groups are a great way to connect with others through shared interests. For example, many editors and proofreaders enjoy reading and taking part in discussions in the Editors’ Association of Earth public group and its associated closed groups.
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Before starting to post in a group – whatever type of group it is – it’s a good idea to read the rules. Many groups have guidelines on the types of posts allowed. For example, are you allowed to advertise (either your own products and services or those of someone else)? There are often other rules about what is and isn’t acceptable.

It’s important to follow all the guidelines. It makes the job of the group admin(s) so much easier, avoids wasting everyone’s time, and makes the group experience far more pleasant and productive for all users. If it’s a professional group – like the ones for editors and proofreaders, for example – following the rules helps you to maintain your professional image.
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And if you decide you don’t like a particular group’s rules, you can always start your own!

​One useful aspect of Facebook groups is the search feature. This enables you to look for previous discussions on a particular topic so that you don’t run the risk of asking a question that’s already been answered. 

One thing you need to be aware of when commenting on a Facebook thread – whether that’s on a friend’s timeline, on a page, or in a group – is the privacy settings.

​This is where the privacy details appear on the group page on a phone:

​And on a PC:

Facebook’s algorithms are such that it’s difficult to control what you see in your newsfeed. But there’s one useful feature that does at least allow you to hide specific posts from friends, pages and groups if you’d rather not see them again (for whatever reason).
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When you see the post in your newsfeed, click on the three dots in the top right-hand corner of the post to find the same drop-down menu mentioned in Tip 2 above. Simply choose ‘Hide post’. You’ll notice that there are also options to ‘Snooze’ a particular person for 30 days, or ‘Unfollow’ them completely so that you won’t see their posts at all (but you’ll still be friends). Very handy!

​You’ll only see the full menu with this option if you click on the post in your newsfeed, rather than, for example, within a group, or on a page or a friend’s timeline. 

​So there we are: six little tips that can make a big difference to your – and other people’s – experience of Facebook. I hope you find them useful! 

​Are you a natural diplomat? Or do you struggle to respond with sensitivity and tact, especially in stressful situations? And what does all this have to do with editing and proofreading?
 
Diplomacy is never far from the headlines, whether it’s the Brexit negotiations, ceasefires in long-running armed conflicts, or international agreements on emissions targets. Even if negotiations don’t take place in the public eye, we know they’re happening and we can see the results (or lack thereof).
 
Although such situations might seem rather remote from our daily lives, I think we probably all use more diplomacy on a day-to-day basis than we imagine. This was brought home to me recently by an incident involving a friend of mine (a fellow editor, although the situation wasn’t related to editing). This friend had managed to resolve a long-standing and seemingly intractable family problem by speaking separately, and with very well-chosen words, to each of the parties involved. The situation was quickly sorted out to everyone’s satisfaction. No one lost face, no one felt aggrieved, and no one was seen as ‘the bad guy’. I was seriously impressed with the way my friend had engineered this solution. It was pure genius!
 
Now, I wouldn’t call myself a natural diplomat. Yorkshire folk have a reputation for plain speaking and bluntness, and that’s often not conducive to approaching situations in a calm, measured way. Add to that my tendency to try to make a joke out of everything and it’s safe to say that I’m not going to be leading international peace talks any time soon.
 
But in the world of editing and proofreading – particularly the freelance variety – there are plenty of scenarios in which a pinch of diplomacy can go a long way.

​Being a freelance editorial professional involves much more than the mechanics of editing and proofreading. As well as all the requirements of running a business – marketing, keeping on top of the accounts, planning and advertising, to name but a few – it involves building relationships. That’s where diplomacy comes in. It’s a question of taking a position, thinking about how rigidly you need to stick to it, considering the ramifications, and communicating effectively with others without causing offence or undermining your own position. Here are some common-sense tips.

Admittedly, these tips are unlikely to secure you a place at an international negotiation table, but you might find them useful in running your editorial business. And although diplomacy – like good editing – often goes unnoticed, your clients, colleagues and family members are still likely to appreciate it, and they’ll certainly notice if it’s absent!

On a windy October night that was strangely warm for the time of year, the skies dark with the threat of rain, I made my way over the bleak Yorkshire hills to the magnificent, majestic Piece Hall in Halifax. (OK, I’ll stop that now. I’m an academic editor, not a fiction author.) I was going to an event entitled ‘How to Get Published Without an Agent or Travelling Down to London’, the venue was The Book Corner bookshop, and my companion was novelist and fiction editor Helena Fairfax.

As an author, Helena had more of a vested interest in the topic than I had. But I’m always keen to support local publishing-related activities, and I welcome any excuse to visit the Piece Hall. The speakers at this event – part of Halifax Festival of Words – were Kevin and Hetha Duffy from Bluemoose Books in Hebden Bridge. They’re fierce supporters of the northern publishing scene and have invested a great deal, personally and professionally, in promoting literary fiction that mainstream UK publishers might not be willing to publish.

​Kevin and Hetha gave an entertaining round-up of the various options for getting published. The traditional route is through a literary agent, who then liaises with publishers in the hope of securing a deal for the author. We heard about some of the drawbacks of this system, the main one being the reluctance of larger publishers,  who are focused on the profits they have to make for their shareholders, to take risks with work by new authors, particularly if that work is outside established genres or current literary trends.

Submitting to a small independent publisher – Bluemoose, for example – is another option. Kevin and Hetha gave us a fascinating insight into their publishing process. They receive around five hundred submissions (of three chapters and a synopsis) every year, request full manuscripts for around five of these each month, and then eventually publish around three or four titles a year. They have to really fall in love with a manuscript if they’re to publish it (although they admitted that the two of them don’t always fall in love with the same things!).

Kevin and Hetha described some of their publishing successes, including Benjamin Myers’ novel The Gallows Pole, for which Benjamin has won several literary prizes and a not inconsiderable amount of money. Benjamin’s publishing journey has not been an entirely smooth one, his second novel having been turned down by the large company that had published his first novel. Following the outstanding success of The Gallows Pole – his third novel – the rights to Ben’s backlist have now been bought by Bloomsbury. Kevin and Hetha clearly regard this as a vindication of their decision to support Benjamin’s work and of their approach to taking what other companies might see as a risk.

What stood out for me was the emphasis placed on the editorial process. Hetha gave her two key tips for authors.

1. Be rigorous in revising your own work. Keep revising and editing your manuscript, and show it to others (friends and family, for example).
2. Be prepared to be professionally edited.

On this second point, Hetha described the team’s relationship with an author as a collaborative one. It is, she said, the most important relationship in publishing. For an author, delivering a manuscript to Bluemoose is not the end of the process – it’s the beginning.

The company has a small team of editors, including Hetha’s mother, who go through a manuscript until they are absolutely satisfied that it is the best it can be. Editing is not an easy process, and some authors are uncomfortable with it, but Kevin and Hetha are so passionate about the books they publish that they are unwilling to compromise on this. And they’ve come to realise the importance of making it clear to authors from the outset that this is what will happen to their manuscript. Ultimately, if the Bluemoose team are not fully satisfied with the final version of a novel, they could take the decision not to publish. However, they were keen to stress that they would rather work with an author than battle it out over the quality (or otherwise) of individual sentences.

There was a great deal more information here, including a description of other routes to publishing: self-publishing (which has massively increased in popularity in recent years), vanity publishing and print on demand.

From its very humble beginnings in 2006, Bluemoose Books has become a force to be reckoned with – albeit still a small one – in the UK publishing industry. I get the impression they are less and less concerned with trying to compete with the (mainstream) London publishing scene: they clearly have their own fiercely independent vision of what they want to achieve. In fact, in recent times, mainstream agents and publishers have been approaching Bluemoose, rather than the other way around.

This was a really lively and engaging talk, and a great thing to have as part of the Halifax Festival of Words. I’m sure those in the audience who are keen to have their work published will have found it very useful and picked up some valuable tips.

I’m not an author, but I enjoyed Kevin and Hetha’s energy and enthusiasm, their drive to support publishing outside London, and – perhaps most of all – their endorsement of editing as the most important part of their publishing process.

For many editors and proofreaders, the natural reaction to the words ‘public speaking’ can be summed up as follows: ‘Aaaaaaaaaargghhhh!’ (Or is that just me?)

Editing and proofreading tend to be rather solitary pursuits conducted behind closed doors, away from the public eye. For many freelancers, the need to speak in public doesn’t crop up regularly. In fact, sometimes there’s little need to speak at all in the course of a working day, especially now that online methods of communication are so widely used.

And if a public speaking opportunity does occasionally present itself – the invitation to give a talk or deliver a session at a conference – there’s usually the option for the freelancer to say ‘no’ without jeopardising their core editing and proofreading business.

So what on earth would possess a freelance editor to step outside their comfort zone and train in public speaking? At a recent meeting of our local Society for Editors and Proofreaders (SfEP) group, we heard from neuroscience editor Julia Slone-Murphy about ‘The life-changing magic of public speaking’.
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Julia described situations in the past when she had been obliged to speak in public: the sleepless nights beforehand, the sweaty palms, the racing heartrate, the typewritten script delivered rapidly and without looking at the audience… She recently decided to tackle her fear by taking some training. Stepping several miles outside her comfort zone, Julia signed for up both a stand-up comedy course and some training with the Public Speaking Academy. Here’s a summary of what she gained, followed by three top tips for public speaking. 

​Key benefits of public speaking training

• Increased confidence in public speaking

This, of course, is the whole point of the training. It’s all about better planning of content, more assured delivery, and the ability to hold the audience’s attention and convey a message effectively.

• Improved verbal communication skills

Public speaking training can increase skills and confidence when speaking in other professional situations, such as meetings and networking events. And when speaking to clients on the phone, the ability to organise thoughts and speak confidently comes in very handy.

• Improved eloquence in written communications

Perhaps less obvious are the benefits of training in terms of improved written communication skills. Again, the ability to put together a message logically and coherently is a real asset, whether it’s for an email to a client, a blog post or a business report. It certainly helps to create an impression of authority and confidence.

• A social boost

Personal as well as business relationships are increasingly conducted online, and it’s easy to get out of the habit of speaking to friends on the phone or meeting face to face. Increased confidence in speaking can bring a greater willingness to make time for social encounters and to communicate directly with friends.

• Greater self-confidence in everyday life

There’s a fantastic sense of success in seeing yourself improve in leaps and bounds, particularly in an activity you previously struggled with. It’s a real achievement, and one that makes you feel more competent and confident in everyday life.
 
Three Top Tips

1.Make it personal
Your audience will be much more engaged in your speech if you remember to be yourself. Remember that we all have something different to say, and a unique way of saying it. Weave your own personal experiences and views into the message you’re conveying. Your audience is more likely to relate to your ‘story’, and your speech is more likely to be memorable and entertaining.
 
2.Focus on the message
Rather than worrying about being the centre of attention during your speech, focus on delivering a message your audience will find interesting. That will move the spotlight away from you and onto your audience: it will help you to give a useful, generous and helpful talk, without worrying about what people are thinking about you.
 
3.Keep practising
You need to find opportunities to carry on honing your skills and developing your techniques, otherwise you’ll be back to square one. Signing up for regular training is a good idea, as is saying ‘yes’ to as many speaking opportunities as possible!

Julia has gained so much from the training that she encourages everyone to improve their public speaking skills, whether or not they’re planning to give a presentation or make a speech. Goodbye, sweaty palms and racing heartrate; hello, logical thinking, eloquent delivery and sparkling social and business encounters!